Written by an experienced criminal law practitioner, this book includes more than analysis and citations to relevant statutory and case material: significant portions are devoted to tactics and techniques.

The eighth edition of this book was published in 2009. Over 50 forms on disc are included. The book is available in both print and CD-ROM formats, and the entire book and many individual chapters are also available for immediate download. Please see the information on electronic books before selecting the CD-ROM or download option.

About the Author
Preface
Acknowledgments

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION TO THE CRIMINAL PROCESS,

1.1 THE CONCEPTS AND OBJECTIVES OF THE CRIMINAL PROCESS
      1.101 Accusatory and Adversary System
      1.102 Procedural Due Process

1.2 SOURCES OF THE LAW
      1.201 Constitution, Laws, and Treaties of the United States
      1.202 Virginia Constitution
      1.203 Virginia Code of Criminal Procedure
      1.204 Rules of the Supreme Court of Virginia

1.3 TERMINOLOGY AND CLASSES OF OFFENSES
      1.301 Definitions
      1.302 Classification of Crimes

1.4 THE CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM IN VIRGINIA
      1.401 In General
      1.402 The Courts
      1.403 Clerks of Court
      1.404 Commonwealth's Attorney
      1.405 Magistrates

1.5 SEQUENCE OF A TYPICAL CRIMINAL CASE

1.6 GENERAL DUTIES OF DEFENSE COUNSEL
      1.601 Initial Action
      1.602 Fee Arrangements
      1.603 Documenting Adequacy of Representation

1.7 PROFESSIONAL RESPONSIBILITY AND ETHICAL CONSIDERATIONS
      1.701 In General
      1.702 Lawyer's Duty to Provide Legal Service
      1.703 Competency to Handle Case
      1.704 Representing the Interests of the Client
      1.705 Preserving Client Confidences and Secrets
      1.706 Fees
      1.707 Termination of Representation

CHAPTER 2: RIGHT TO COUNSEL

2.1 GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS
      2.101 Scope of Right
      2.102 Determination of Indigence

2.2 PROCEEDINGS IN WHICH THE RIGHT TO COUNSEL APPLIES
      2.201 In General
      2.202 Pretrial Proceedings
      2.203 Post-Trial Proceedings
      2.204 Duration of Appointment

2.3 WAIVER OF RIGHT TO COUNSEL; RIGHT TO PROCEED PRO SE
      2.301 In General
      2.302 Procedure
      2.303 Implied Waiver
      2.304 Right to Proceed Pro Se

2.4 COURT-APPOINTED COUNSEL AND PUBLIC DEFENDERS
      2.401 Standards for Court-Appointed Counsel
      2.402 Public Defender System
      2.403 Compensation of Court-Appointed Counsel

2.5 RIGHT TO OTHER SERVICES AT STATE EXPENSE
      2.501 Investigative and Expert Services
      2.502 Transcripts

2.6 LIABILITY FOR FEES AND COSTS

2.7 RIGHT TO EFFECTIVE ASSISTANCE OF COUNSEL
      2.701 In General
      2.702 Right to Adversarial Performance
      2.703 Right to Counsel in Preparing Defense
      2.704 Right to Competent Counsel
      2.705 Right to Non-Appointed Counsel of Choice

2.8 COLLATERAL CONSEQUENCES OF UNCOUNSELED CONVICTION

CHAPTER 3: THE LAW OF ARREST

3.1 GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS
      3.101 Introduction
      3.102 Constitutional Probable Cause Standard

3.2 WHEN WARRANT IS REQUIRED
      3.201 Constitutional Requirements
      3.202 Statutory Requirements

3.3 ARREST WITH WARRANT OR SUMMONS
      3.301 Authority to Issue Warrant or Summons
      3.302 Complaint
      3.303 Form and Content of Arrest Warrant
      3.304 Summons Instead of Warrant in Certain Cases
      3.305 Execution of Warrant or Summons

3.4 ARREST WITHOUT WARRANT
      3.401 General Statutory Authority
      3.402 Authority of Correctional Officers
      3.403 Territorial Authority
      3.404 Officer May Issue Summons in Certain Cases
      3.405 Officer Must Be in Uniform
      3.406 Pursuit and Arrest Incident to Escape or Flight from Custody
      3.407 Arrest Incident to Family Abuse or Violation of Protective Order
      3.408 Arrest of Illegal Aliens
      3.409 Arrest by Officer from Another State
      3.410 Use of Force

3.5 PROCEDURE FOLLOWING ARREST
      3.501 Procedure Following Arrest With Warrant
      3.502 Procedure Following Arrest Without Warrant
      3.503 Delay in Bringing Accused Before Magistrate
      3.504 Extradition

3.6 CONSEQUENCES OF ILLEGAL ARREST
      3.601 In General
      3.602 Derivative Evidence (Fruit of the Poisonous Tree)

3.7 STOP AND FRISK
      3.701 In General
      3.702 The Standard

3.8 ENTRAPMENT
      3.801 In General
      3.802 The Standard

CHAPTER 4: SECURING PRETRIAL RELEASE

4.1 GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS
      4.101 The Constitutional Standard
      4.102 Practical Considerations

4.2 THE STATUTORY STANDARD
      4.201 In General
      4.202 Authority to Grant Pretrial Release
      4.203 Setting Terms of Release

4.3 APPEAL AND HABEAS CORPUS

4.4 SECURING APPEARANCE OF MATERIAL WITNESS

4.5 PENALTIES FOR FAILURE TO APPEAR

4.6 RECOGNIZANCES
      4.601 Conditions
      4.602 Forfeiture

4.7 SATISFACTION AND DISCHARGE OF ASSAULT

CHAPTER 5: SEARCH AND SEIZURE

5.1 GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS
      5.101 Pervasive Themes
      5.102 The Concept of Probable Cause
      5.103 Establishing Probable Cause: Use of Hearsay
      5.104 Establishing Probable Cause: The "Staleness" Problem

5.2 SEARCHES WITH A WARRANT
      5.201 Who May Issue Warrant
      5.202 Property Subject to Search and Seizure
      5.203 The Affidavit
      5.204 Contents of Warrant
      5.205 Execution of the Warrant
      5.206 Testing the Facially Valid Warrant

5.3 WARRANTLESS SEARCHES
      5.301 In General
      5.302 Search Incident to Arrest
      5.303 Automobile Searches
      5.304 Miscellaneous Exceptions: Emergencies and the Community Caretaking Doctrine
      5.305 Waiver: Consent Searches
      5.306 The "Plain View" Doctrine
      5.307 Abandoned Property

5.4 ADMINISTRATIVE SEARCHES
      5.401 In General
      5.402 Probable Cause
      5.403 Warrantless Searches

5.5 FOURTH AMENDMENT STANDING
      5.501 History and Background
      5.502 Rakas v. Illinois and Its Progeny: The New Law of Standing

5.6 THE EXCLUSIONARY RULE
      5.601 History and Development
      5.602 Proceedings to Which the Rule Is Applicable
      5.603 The "Good Faith" Exception
      5.604 Application to Statutory Violations
      5.605 Indirect "Fruits" of an Illegal Search and Seizure
      5.606 Collateral Use of Illegally Seized Evidence

5.7 ELECTRONIC SURVEILLANCE AND RELATED ACTIVITIES
      5.701 History and Background
      5.702 The Federal Electronic Surveillance Statute
      5.703 The Virginia Electronic Surveillance Statute
      5.704 Related Activities

5.8 INFORMERS AND UNDERCOVER AGENTS

5.9 MISCELLANEOUS SEARCH AND SEIZURE PROBLEMS
      5.901 Searches by Private Parties
      5.902 Airport Security Measures
      5.903 Searches by Public School Authorities
      5.904 Drug Testing
      5.905 Pretextual Police Motive
      5.906 Roadblocks
      5.907 Body Cavity Searches
      5.908 Searches of Probationers
      5.909 DNA Testing

5.10 FORFEITURE
      5.1001 In General
      5.1002 Procedure

CHAPTER 6: THE PRIVILEGE AGAINST SELF-INCRIMINATION

6.1 INTRODUCTION
      6.101 Historical Development
      6.102 Justifications for the Privilege
      6.103 The Privilege and Police Interrogation

6.2 PROCEEDINGS IN WHICH THE PRIVILEGE MAY BE ASSERTED
      6.201 In General
      6.202 Pretrial Discovery
      6.203 Psychiatric Examinations

6.3 WHO MAY ASSERT THE PRIVILEGE

6.4 HOW THE PRIVILEGE IS ASSERTED

6.5 NATURE OF THE PRIVILEGE
      6.501 In General
      6.502 Compulsion
      6.503 Testimonial Communication
      6.504 Incrimination
      6.505 Governmental Reporting Requirements

6.6 WAIVER

6.7 IMMUNITY

6.8 CONSEQUENCES OF ASSERTING THE PRIVILEGE
      6.801 In General
      6.802 Impeachment with or Comment upon Individual's Silence
      6.803 Assertion of the Privilege on Cross-Examination
      6.804 Jury Instructions
      6.805 Governmental Sanctions

CHAPTER 7: CONFESSIONS

7.1 INTRODUCTION

7.2 RIGHTS WARNINGS
      7.201 In General
      7.202 When Rights Warnings Are Required
      7.203 Miranda Warnings Generally
      7.204 Giving Miranda Warnings
      7.205 Waiver and Affirmative Exercise of Miranda Rights
      7.206 Miranda Exclusionary Rule

7.3 RIGHT TO COUNSEL AT INTERROGATIONS

7.4 VOLUNTARINESS DOCTRINE
      7.401 In General
      7.402 Coercion
      7.403 Nature of the Declarant
      7.404 Deceit

7.5 LITIGATING ADMISSIBILITY OF ADMISSIONS AND CONFESSIONS
      7.501 In General
      7.502 Corroboration

CHAPTER 8: EYEWITNESS IDENTIFICATION PROCEDURES

8.1 INTRODUCTION
      8.101 Background
      8.102 Other Constitutional Concerns

8.2 THE RIGHT TO COUNSEL
      8.201 In General
      8.202 When the Right Attaches
      8.203 Scope of the Right
      8.204 Attorney's Role in Identification Proceedings
      8.205 Waiver
      8.206 Application of the Exclusionary Rule

8.3 SUGGESTIVE PRETRIAL IDENTIFICATION PROCEDURES
      8.301 Background
      8.302 The Standard Generally
      8.303 Application of the Standard
      8.304 Application of the Exclusionary Rule
      8.305 Use of Expert Witnesses

CHAPTER 9: PRETRIAL PROCEEDINGS

9.1 INITIAL INVESTIGATION AND CLIENT INTERVIEW
      9.101 Value and Purpose of Interview
      9.102 Preparation for Interview and Initial Steps
      9.103 Conducting the Interview
      9.104 Advice to the Client

9.2 DISCOVERY
      9.201 Defendant's Discovery Generally
      9.202 Commonwealth's Duty to Disclose Exculpatory Evidence

9.3 THE PRELIMINARY HEARING
      9.301 In General
      9.302 Procedure
      9.303 Practice

9.4 THE GRAND JURY
      9.401 General Functions
      9.402 Regular Grand Juries: Selection and Operation
      9.403 Regular Grand Juries: Hearings and Deliberations
      9.404 Special Grand Juries
      9.405 Representing Clients Before Grand Juries
      9.406 Multi-Jurisdiction Grand Juries

9.5 THE CHARGE UPON WHICH THE ACCUSED IS TRIED
      9.501 In General
      9.502 Form and Content of the Indictment and the Information
      9.503 Joinder of Offenses or Defendants in an Indictment or Information
      9.504 The Formal Charge
      9.505 Amendment to the Formal Charge
      9.506 Bill of Particulars

9.6 THE ARRAIGNMENT
      9.601 Scope
      9.602 Procedure

9.7 PLEAS
      9.701 Permissible Pleas
      9.702 Procedure for Entering Guilty Plea
      9.703 Requirement That Plea Be Voluntary and Intelligent
      9.704 Consequences of Guilty Plea
      9.705 Withdrawal of Plea
      9.706 Practice

9.8 PLEA-BARGAINING

9.9 PRETRIAL MOTIONS
      9.901 In General
      9.902 Categories of Defenses and Objections
      9.903 Procedure
      9.904 Insanity Defense
      9.905 Competency to Stand Trial
      9.906 Continuance

CHAPTER 10: CONSTITUTIONAL AND STATUTORY DOCTRINES AFFECTING THE TRIAL

10.1 STATUTES OF LIMITATIONS

10.2 PUBLIC TRIAL; PRESENCE OF THE ACCUSED; PHYSICAL RESTRAINTS
      10.201 Public Trial
      10.202 Presence of the Accused
      10.203 Physical Restraint

10.3 PREJUDICIAL PUBLICITY
      10.301 In General
      10.302 Judicial Authority to Control or Prevent Prejudicial Publicity
      10.303 Broadcasting of Trials
      10.304 Procedure Following Excessive Publicity

10.4 BURDENS OF PROOF AND PRESUMPTIONS
      10.401 Background
      10.402 Shifting the Burden to the Defendant
      10.403 Inferences and Presumptions
      10.404 Sentencing

10.5 SPEEDY TRIAL
      10.501 In General
      10.502 The Constitutional Standard
      10.503 The Statutory Standards

10.6 DOUBLE JEOPARDY AND COLLATERAL ESTOPPEL
      10.601 In General
      10.602 When Jeopardy Attaches
      10.603 Mistrials
      10.604 Retrial Following Appeal
      10.605 The "Same Offense" Concept
      10.606 Multiple Punishment for the Same Offense
      10.607 Forfeitures and Administrative Sanctions
      10.608 Statutory Implementation
      10.609 Collateral Estoppel and Res Judicata

10.7 CONFRONTATION AND CROSS-EXAMINATION
      10.701 In General
      10.702 Hearsay
      10.703 Prior Recorded Testimony
      10.704 Extrajudicial Statements of a Codefendant
      10.705 Adverse Witnesses
      10.706 The Right to "Face" One's Accusers
      10.707 Cross-Examination of Prosecution Witnesses

10.8 COMPULSORY PROCESS
      10.801 In General
      10.802 Witnesses
      10.803 Documentary Evidence and Objects

10.9 JUDICIAL OR PROSECUTORIAL MISCONDUCT, BIAS, OR DISABILITY
      10.901 In General
      10.902 Judges
      10.903 Prosecutors

10.10 EX POST FACTO LAWS

10.11 RETROACTIVITY OF COURT DECISIONS AND STATUTES

CHAPTER 11: THE TRIAL

11.1 VENUE AND CHANGE OF VENUE
      11.101 Venue
      11.102 Change of Venue

11.2 JURY SELECTION
      11.201 Right to Jury Trial
      11.202 Number of Jurors
      11.203 Selection and Summons Procedures
      11.204 Errors in the Selection Process
      11.205 Statutory Qualifications and Exemptions
      11.206 Challenge to Jurors
      11.207 Jury Selection: Practice

11.3 OPENING STATEMENT
      11.301 In General
      11.302 Scope and Limits
      11.303 Objections
      11.304 Practice

11.4 PRESENTING THE EVIDENCE
      11.401 Testimony of the Accused
      11.402 Witnesses
      11.403 Exclusion of Witnesses
      11.404 Expert Witnesses
      11.405 Motion to Strike the Evidence
      11.406 Practice: Planning the Defense

11.5 INSTRUCTIONS TO THE JURY
      11.501 Procedure
      11.502 Purpose and Scope
      11.503 Content of Instructions

11.6 ARGUMENT IN SUMMATION
      11.601 In General
      11.602 Limitations
      11.603 Objections
      11.604 Practice

11.7 VERDICT AND POST-VERDICT MOTIONS
      11.701 Verdict
      11.702 Polling the Jury
      11.703 Motion to Set Aside the Verdict
      11.704 Motion for a New Trial on the Basis of Newly Discovered Evidence
      11.705 Juror Misconduct

CHAPTER 12: SENTENCING

12.1 AUTHORITY TO SENTENCE
      12.101 Jury Trials
      12.102 Bench Trials

12.2 SENTENCING LIMITATIONS

12.3 DISCRETIONARY SENTENCING GUIDELINES

12.4 PRONOUNCEMENT AND ALLOCUTION
      12.401 Pronouncement
      12.402 Allocution

12.5 PRESENTENCE INVESTIGATION AND REPORT AND VICTIM IMPACT STATEMENT
      12.501 Procedure
      12.502 Contents of the Report
      12.503 Victim Impact Statement

12.6 PROBATION OR SUSPENSION OF SENTENCE
      12.601 In General
      12.602 Terms and Conditions
      12.603 Revocation

12.7 INDETERMINATE COMMITMENT
      12.701 Authority of Court
      12.702 Procedure
      12.703 Terms
      12.704 Release Procedure

12.8 SPECIAL SENTENCING PROVISIONS
      12.801 Concurrent and Consecutive Sentences
      12.802 Third Conviction of Act of Violence
      12.803 Crimes Involving Sexual Abnormality
      12.804 Conviction of a Combination of Felonies and Misdemeanors
      12.805 Use of a Firearm in Commission of Specified Felonies
      12.806 Boot Camp Incarceration
      12.807 Other Alternative or Additional Sentencing

12.9 CRUEL AND UNUSUAL PUNISHMENT

12.10 JUDGMENT
      12.1001 Procedure
      12.1002 Finality

CHAPTER 13: APPEALS

13.1 APPEALS IN CRIMINAL CASES GENERALLY
      13.101 General Constitutional and Statutory Framework
      13.102 Client's Decision to Appeal
      13.103 Waiver of Right to Appeal
      13.104 Appointment of Counsel and Expenses of Appeal
      13.105 Retrial Following Appeal

13.2 THE VIRGINIA COURT OF APPEALS
      13.201 In General
      13.202 Jurisdiction in Criminal Cases

13.3 APPEAL FROM CIRCUIT COURT TO COURT OF APPEALS
      13.301 Preliminary Steps
      13.302 Filing the Notice of Appeal
      13.303 Contents of Notice of Appeal
      13.304 Record on Appeal
      13.305 Petition for Appeal and Brief in Opposition
      13.306 Oral Argument and Disposition of Petition for Appeal
      13.307 Procedure for Appeals of Right and Awarded Appeals
      13.308 Disposition of the Appeal
      13.309 Certification to Supreme Court

13.4 APPEAL FROM COURT OF APPEALS TO SUPREME COURT
      13.401 Notice of Appeal
      13.402 Record on Appeal
      13.403 Petition for Appeal
      13.404 Brief in Opposition
      13.405 Oral Argument and Disposition of Petition for Appeal
      13.406 Procedure After Petition Is Granted
      13.407 Briefs and Arguments

13.5 APPEAL FROM DISTRICT COURT TO CIRCUIT COURT
      13.501 In General
      13.502 Procedure
      13.503 Effect on Sentence and Charge in Circuit Court
      13.504 Attorney's Duties to Client

13.6 COMMONWEALTH APPEALS
      13.601 In General
      13.602 Procedure
      13.603 Disposition

13.7 WRIT OF ACTUAL INNOCENCE
      13.701 Motion to Circuit Court for Investigation of New Biological Evidence
      13.702 Petition to Supreme Court for Writ of Actual Innocence (Biological Evidence)
      13.703 Action Not Basis for Relief by Habeas Corpus, Appellate Proceeding, or Action for Damages (Biological Evidence)
      13.704 Petition for Writ Based on Non-biological Evidence

13.8 DELAYED APPEALS

FORMS APPENDIX

TABLE OF FORMS ON DISK

INITIAL INTERVIEW CHECKLIST

FEE AGREEMENT LETTER

QUESTIONNAIRE FOR BAIL INFORMATION

MOTION TO DISMISS

MOTION TO DISMISS BASED ON ACCORD AND SATISFACTION

AFFIDAVIT AND AGREEMENT BASED UPON ACCORD AND SATISFACTION

MOTION FOR CLOSURE OF PRELIMINARY HEARING

MOTION FOR BILL OF PARTICULARS PURSUANT TO SECTION 19.2-266.2 OF THE VIRGINIA CODE

MOTION TO QUASH

MOTION FOR CONTINUANCE

ORDER FOR CONTINUANCE

MOTION TO DISCLOSE EXPECTED SEIZURES

MOTION FOR DISCOVERY AND INSPECTION

MOTION FOR DISCOVERY AND INSPECTION (Short Form)

DEFENDANT'S MOTION TO COMPEL

REQUEST FOR SUBPOENA DUCES TECUM

MOTION FOR APPOINTMENT OF MENTAL HEALTH EXPERT

MOTION FOR APPOINTMENT OF EXPERTS

MEMORANDUM IN SUPPORT OF MOTION FOR APPOINTMENT OF EXPERTS

MOTION TO WITHDRAW AS COUNSEL

ORDER PERMITTING WITHDRAWAL AS COUNSEL

MOTION TO AMEND BOND

ORDER TO AMEND BOND

MOTION FOR SEPARATE TRIAL

ORDER GRANTING SEPARATE TRIAL

MOTION FOR SEPARATE TRIAL AS TO CHARGES

ORDER GRANTING SEPARATE TRIAL AS TO CHARGES

MOTION TO SUPPRESS STATEMENTS (FACTS AND ARGUMENTS INCLUDED)

MOTION TO SUPPRESS--WARRANTLESS SEARCH

MEMORANDUM IN SUPPORT OF MOTION TO SUPPRESS--WARRANTLESS SEARCH

MOTION TO SUPPRESS--UNLAWFUL STOP

MEMORANDUM IN SUPPORT OF MOTION TO SUPPRESS--UNLAWFUL STOP

MOTION TO SUPPRESS--UNLAWFUL SEARCH OF RESIDENCE

MEMORANDUM IN SUPPORT OF MOTION TO SUPPRESS--UNLAWFUL SEARCH OF RESIDENCE

MOTION TO SUPPRESS--UNLAWFUL SEARCH OF COMPUTER

MEMORANDUM IN SUPPORT OF MOTION TO SUPPRESS--UNLAWFUL SEARCH OF COMPUTER

JUROR QUESTIONNAIRE

NOTICE OF MOTION

MOTION FOR RECUSAL

MOTION IN LIMINE TO PRECLUDE RADIO COVERAGE OF TRIAL

MOTION IN LIMINE TO PRECLUDE TESTIMONY REGARDING COLLATERAL EVIDENCE

MOTION IN LIMINE TO PRECLUDE COMMONWEALTH'S USE OF JUVENILE CONVICTIONS TO IMPEACH WITNESSES

MOTION IN LIMINE TO LIMIT THE PRESENTATION OF PHOTOGRAPHS

MOTION IN LIMINE TO HAVE THE DEFENDANT PRESENTED IN THE COURTROOM NOT IN HANDCUFFS AND JAIL UNIFORM

MOTION IN LIMINE TO LIMIT THE PRESENCE OF LAW ENFORCEMENT PERSONNEL IN THE COURTROOM

MOTION IN LIMINE TO REQUIRE THE COMMONWEALTH TO INTRODUCE DEFENDANT'S ENTIRE STATEMENT

MOTION IN LIMINE TO PRECLUDE THE COMMONWEALTH FROM INTRODUCING EVIDENCE REGARDING DEFENDANT'S PROBATION

MOTION IN LIMINE TO EXCLUDE 911 TAPE

MOTION IN LIMINE TO PROHIBIT THE COMMONWEALTH'S ATTORNEY AND THE COMMONWEALTH'S WITNESSES FROM REFERRING TO THE DECEDENT AS "THE VICTIM"

NOTICE OF INTENT TO OFFER DNA EVIDENCE

NOTICE OF INTENT TO PRESENT TESTIMONY BY MENTAL HEALTH EXPERTS

PETITION FOR EXPUNGEMENT OF RECORD PURSUANT TO SECTION 19.2-392.2 OF THE VIRGINIA CODE

ORDER OF EXPUNGEMENT

TABLE OF AUTHORITIES

INDEX